|
The Norman (or Anglo-Norman) invasion of Ireland took place in stages during the late 12th century. At the time, Gaelic Ireland was made up of several kingdoms, with a High King claiming lordship over the other kings. In May 1169, Anglo-Norman mercenaries landed in Ireland at the request of Diarmait Mac Murchada (Dermot MacMurragh), the ousted King of Leinster, who had sought their help in regaining his kingdom. This military intervention had the backing of King Henry II of England. Pope Adrian IV had authorized Henry to conquer Ireland as a means of bringing the Irish church into line. Diarmait and the Normans seized Leinster within weeks and launched raids into neighbouring kingdoms. In the summer of 1170, there were two further Anglo-Norman landings, led by Richard 'Strongbow' de Clare. By May 1171, Strongbow had assumed control of Leinster and had seized the Norse-Irish city kingdoms of Dublin, Waterford and Wexford. That summer, High King Ruairí Ua Conchobair (Rory O'Connor) led an Irish counteroffensive against the Anglo-Normans, but they managed to hold most of their conquered territory. In October 1171, King Henry landed a large army in Ireland to establish control over both the Anglo-Normans and the Irish. The Norman lords handed their conquered territory to Henry. He let Strongbow hold Leinster in fief and declared the cities to be crown land. Many Irish kings also submitted to him, likely in the hope that he would curb Norman expansion. Henry, however, granted the unconquered kingdom of Meath to Hugh de Lacy. After Henry's departure in 1172, Norman expansion and Irish counteroffensives continued. The 1175 Treaty of Windsor acknowledged Henry as overlord of the conquered territory and Ruairí as overlord of the rest of Ireland, with Ruaidrí also swearing fealty to Henry. However, the Treaty soon fell apart; the Anglo-Norman lords continued to invade Irish kingdoms and they in turn launched counter-attacks. In 1177, Henry adopted a new policy. He declared his son John to be "Lord of Ireland" (i.e. of the whole island) and authorized the Norman lords to conquer more land. The territory they held became the Lordship of Ireland and formed part of the Angevin Empire. The largely successful nature of the invasion has been attributed to a number of factors. These include the Anglo-Normans' alleged military superiority and programme of castle-building; the lack of a unified opposition from the Irish; and the Church's support for Henry's intervention. The Anglo-Norman invasion was a watershed in the history of Ireland, marking the beginning of more than 700 years of direct English and, later, British involvement in Ireland. ==Background== In the 12th century, Gaelic Ireland was made up of several over-kingdoms, which each comprised several lesser kingdoms. At the top was the High King, who received tribute from the other kings but did not rule Ireland as a unified state. The five port towns of Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick were inhabited by the Norse-Irish and had their own rulers. The Normans had conquered England in the 1060s. Over the following decades, Norman lords conquered much of south Wales and established their own semi-independent lordships there. According to historian John Gillingham, after the Norman conquest, a new imperialist attitude emerged among England's elite, and they came to view their Celtic neighbours as inferior and barbarous. In September 1155, King Henry II of England held a council at Winchester. According to Robert of Torigni, Henry discussed plans to invade Ireland and grant it to his brother William. However, the plans were put on hold, allegedly due to opposition from his mother, the Empress Matilda. (詳細はTheobald, Archbishop of Canterbury – who wanted to control the Irish church.〔Martin (2008), p.57〕 That same year, Pope Adrian IV, the only English pope, issued a papal bull (known as ''Laudabiliter'') that gave Henry permission to conquer Ireland as a means of bringing the Irish church into line and enforcing the Gregorian Reforms upon it.〔Austin Lane Poole. (''From Domesday book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216'' ). Oxford University Press 1993. pp. 303-304.〕 Irish church leaders had legislated for reform, notably at the synods of Cashel (1101), Ráth Breasail (1111) and Kells (1152). However, implementing the reforms was slow and difficult. It "would demand the abandonment of features of Gaelic society going back to pre-Christian times and of practises which had been accepted for centuries by the church in Ireland". These included attitudes towards marriage, clerical celibacy, the sacramental system, and control of church lands.〔Martin (2008), p.58〕 John of Salisbury, Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury, spoke in Rome about the "barbaric and impious" people of Ireland. In 1149, influential French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux had written a book about Saint Malachy, in which he described Ireland as barbaric and semi-pagan. According to historian F. X. Martin, Ireland was "barbaric" in Bernard's eyes simply because it "had retained its own culture and had remained outside the Latin secular world". John and Bernard's depiction of Ireland, rather than the truth about its reforms, became established throughout Europe.〔Martin (2008), p.59〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Norman invasion of Ireland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|